The Leader s Ethical Values Influence Leadership Style Essay

Would it amaze you if you discovered that ethics and leadership style are correlated? The leaders come from various industries for instance, public, private, government, and non-profit/for-profit. The leader’s ethical values influence leadership style. The research suggests that the transformational leadership style is established on deontological ethics whereas transactional leadership is based on teleological ethics. Leader values and transformational/ transactional leadership suggest that a divergent set of ethical values serves as the foundations of the respective leadership influence processes. Teleological (utilitarianism) ethics are associated with transactional leadership while deontological (moral altruism or Kantian rights) ethics are linked to transformational leadership. A transactional leader behaves in a moral way that brings great satisfaction to the greatest number of people. Teleological ethics emphasis on the ends and outcomes is consistent with the influence process of transactional leadership. Utilitarian values can take the form of either act (decisions based on outcomes) or rule (decisions based on rules) utilitarianism. Experimental research demonstrates that leaders primarily base their responses to ethical dilemmas on utilitarian beliefs. The change-oriented leadership literature distinguishes transformational and transactional leadership styles. Transactional leaders influence followers by controlling their behaviors, rewarding agreed-uponShow MoreRelatedConcept Of An Advancing Leadership Style1660 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of an Advancing Leadership Style. I will identify the characteristics of a leader, and the external and internal environments that would play a part in any leadership style. Additionally, I will demonstrate how this leadership model assists in moving the organization forward in the direction of the mission or goal and assist in defining the organizational culture. Finally, I will show how this model is useful to the leader and followers by comparing other leadership models and their effectsRead MoreAbuse of Authority Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesSoldiers and leaders adhered to the Army Values and the Leadership Requirements Model, many ethical dilemmas that Noncommissioned Officers face on a daily basis would not occur. In the Army today, Soldiers constantly discuss values and leadership, unfortunately not everyone takes them seriously. The abuse of authority and command influence sometimes displayed by leaders puts subordinates into ethical dilemmas. Often, command influence will challenge the Loyalty, Duty, Respect, and Honor values that aRead MoreIntroduction. While Organizations Are Complex And Seemingly1457 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude formulating strategies, managing risks, or motivating people from multiple cultures. What of leadership styles? Often organizations discover that leadership across cultures is a greater problem than initially thought and it takes careful consideration before moving forward. Gaps in the Literature Over the decades, leadership theories have been introduced, researched, and evolved into a new style, method, or faded away. The Theory of X and Y managers, and a combination of the two in Z, provideRead MoreLeadership Effectiveness: Style and Ethics800 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Effectiveness: Style and Ethics Culture is a powerful force in organizations. Leaders must build and share a vision with followers which is ripe for the culture and current climate. Leaders must also recognize when an organization’s culture no longer supports the mission. Target Corporate Target is a corporate pillar in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Target’s mission is, â€Å"to make Target your preferred shopping destination in all channels by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovationRead MoreIndividual case study1382 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿1. How is ethical, authentic and morally based leadership demonstrated in the Pierian Centre case study? According to Grace (2006) defines ethical leadership is that ‘knowing your core values and having the courage to live them in all parts of your life in service of the common good.’ Ciulla suggests the three categories to ethical leadership: intentions, relational and the ends (Schedlitzki and Edwards 2014). Intentions are the ethics of leaders themselves (Schedlitzki and Edwards, 2014, p.221)Read MoreEthics And Corporate Social Responsibility1637 Words   |  7 PagesPractices of Leadership contributed to Managing Sustainability: Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in the post-bureaucratic era. â€Å"Leadership is the process of directing, controlling, motivating and inspiring staff toward the realization of stated organizational goals† (Clegg, S.R. Kornberger, M. Pitsis. 2011, p.126.) Leadership in the post-bureaucratic era is essential for the success of a company, and also plays part into the Sustainability of Ethics and Corporate Social ResponsibilityRead MoreLeadership Through A Different Lens1003 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Through A Different Lens Situational approach is either applying supportive or directive behaviors to specific situations. Every situation is unique which is why different methods should be applied accordingly, depending on the dynamics of the situation. To determine what behaviors are needed, a leader must analyze his or her followers’ commitment and competence. On the Situational Leadership Questionnaire, the developmental level questions were answer correctly, to what actions shouldRead MoreThe Theory Of Situational Approach Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors to specific situations. Every situation is unique which is why different methods should be applied accordingly, depending on the dynamics of the situation. To determine what behaviors are needed, a leader must analyze his or her followers’ commitment and competence. On the Situational Leadership Questionnaire, the developmental level questions were correctly answered, to what actions should take place in every situation. The language and phrasing in each situation were indicators to what actionRead MoreCross Cultural Difference Of Pdi ( Uae Vs Usa )1249 Words   |  5 Pagesin an organization is seen as reflecting inherent inequalities, centralization is popular, subordinates expect to be told what to do and the ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat. In USA (with lower PDI), subordinates do not fear contradicting their leaders. On the other hand, in UAE (with higher PDI) subordinates do not contradict their bosses. Furthermore, employees in these countries appreciate that higher-ranked managers decide autocratically. However, they do not acknowledge minorities like suchRead MoreEthical Behavior Is Distinguishing And Performing One s Actions1490 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical behavior is distinguishing and performing one s actions accordingly. The trouble with this statement stems the questions of what is considered as â€Å"right.† Verses wrong. The definition of this word varies according to individuals, customs, morals and beliefs. Ethical behavior represents a value system that has been developed from a logical analysis of society, established by fairness, integrity, the desires and privileges of people and oneself. Ethical leadership encompasses two aspects

Development of Speech Perception Free Essays

Research had identified the foremost accomplishment of infancy and early childhood, and they are referring to language development. The milestones of linguistic achievement have been documented across cultures and suggest that infants follow a set of universal stages both in speech production and speech perception. On the stages in speech production shown by young infants in American English and other languages; a universal progression from cooing (1 to 4 months), to babbling (5 to 10 months), to meaningful speech (10 to 18 months) is shown (Ferguson, Menn, Stoel-Gammon, 1992). We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Speech Perception or any similar topic only for you Order Now Visual and auditory development is related with the development of speech perception. Infant vision is not that developed when they are born. They can see blurry vision but enable them to perceive familiar faces from unfamiliar ones. The infant is somewhat farsighted and has some degree of astigmatism because the retina is not yet fully developed. Newborn babies tend to have poor fixation capability, they have limited ability to discriminate color, limited visual fields, and an estimated visual acuity of somewhere between 20/200 and 20/400. ( http://www. tsbvi. edu/Education/infant/) Although visual progressions with infant are not that fully developed, it has been noted that they can recognize familiar faces already, especially with their mothers compared with strangers. As their visual perception improves, they begin to identify familiar faces especially the immediate families and began to respond my smiling to them. Infants started to become aware of his environment and begin to explore his world by gazing and started to become amaze with different colors especially the brighter ones compared before that they only see things in black and white. Aside from the visual perception, auditory system plays a vital role in speech development. Auditory system is more matured compared with visual system. It even started when baby is still inside the womb, when they recognize various sounds inside the womb and even outside his environment like people voices, shower, and music. Thus, both visual and auditory leads to speech perception, and this even started when they are still fetuses, inside their mothers’ womb. Fetuses can even recognize their mothers’ voice, but not that familiar with their fathers’ voices. When the mother tells a story and sings to her unborn baby, when the baby is born and hears the story and music he hears he becomes familiar to it, and prefers to listen over and over again. It simply explains that familiarity to certain aspect plays an important role to infants learning. Newborns way of reacting to certain situations is through actions and making sound. When they are hungry or wet, they cry to let the mothers know what they need. When they like something they starts to smile and coo (like ah’s and oh’s). As infants started to grow, their speech also developed. They even began to babble, imitating how people speak. Their first few words could be â€Å"mama† or â€Å"dada† because they are already familiar with these words, and they are able to adapt and be able to express it by themselves. They can even respond to comforting tones, can distinguish recognizable voices and also responsive to changes in tone of voice, and to sounds other than speech. By the time they become toddlers, they can now speak and be able to convey what they want. Most of the words they know comes from the people within the environment, thus a good environment is encouraged to enable toddlers to learn â€Å"good† words. Because what they hear mostly, they adapt it and learned from it. Toddlers enjoy listening to music and even sing and dance to it. They like hearing stories and when accompanied with different tones of voice they become more amazed to it. They can already distinguish different body parts, and can name pictures in the book when asked. By the time they are already 3 – 4 years old, they tend to ask questions and become more interested with several things. They begin to explore their own world by role playing, interacting with other kids and even conversing with adults. They start to combine 4 – 5 words and can make simple sentences. (â€Å"Child Development, p. 1067) now clearly express how they feel because they can already convey how they feel and they are easy to understand. When kids reached the age of 4 or 5, basic vocabulary and grammar have already been learned, this will continue to develop especially when they started to go to school. New words will be learned, although they are bombarded with more words they are able to perceive and learn from it. Slowly, their speech system has made a progress within few years. Families and environment are important factors in shaping one’s character through his speech. Speech not only pertains to what is being said rather it can also affect one’s character. A good character shines through his words, if it is filled with goodness and love, thus wisdom through his words could be attained to it. References: Cheour, M. Milestones of language development Development of Visual and Auditory Systems in Early Childhood Judith C. Goodman and Howard C. Nusbaum (1994)The Development of Speech Perception:The Transition from Speech Sounds to Spoken Words.The MIT Press Kuhl, P. K. (1983). Perception of auditory equivalence classes for speech in early infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 263–285. Child Development, July/August 2004, Volume 75, Number 4, Pages 1067–108 http://www.tsbvi.edu/Education/infant/page7.htm http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/departments/Dept1/progress96/node14.html    How to cite Development of Speech Perception, Papers

Chase McCleary (616 words) Essay Example For Students

Chase McCleary (616 words) Essay Chase McClearyInstructor BeardsellEnglish 1018 November 2016Annotated Bibliography of Why Low Impact Logging Will Change the Forestry IndustryPimm, Stuart. The Global Benefits of Canadas Logging Moratorium. National Geographic Society Blogs, NatGeo, 5 Apr. 2011, voices.nationalgeographic.com/2010/05/18/gllobal_benefits_canada_logging_moratorium/. This article is credible because the author is a professor at Duke University and a conservation biologist as well as this pertains to a legit government study from Canada. This article is factual and gives solid statistics that agree with my points in the essay. This is helpful to my argument because it gives numerous examples of how logging in Canada has and will benefit its environment. Pimm touches on the increase of Carbon emissions after a forest has been logged, which supports one of my claims. AgatherMi, Mark. Forest Management: Logging Has Numerous Benefits. Missoulian.com, Missoulian, 20 Sept. 2015, missoulian.com/news/This is an article found from a news and research website about the multiple benefits of logging, in general. I find this credible due to the sites positive reputation and its facts that are square with other sites Ive seen. It is a .com website which deters me a bit, but after reading about the author he seems quite credible. This article is great at supporting my opinion because it explains the progression on studies done on this topic. Touching on how we now can log in such a way that we Emulate nature. The article is short and sweet and is packed with quick facts on the topic. Bicknell, Jake E., Struebig, Matthew J. Modern Logging Techniques Benefit Rain Forest WIldlife. ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, 2015, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150227112647.htm. Here is another .com sight that proved viable. The article found at the link is an informational/summary on the good Loggings is doing in some Rainforests, conducted by the University of Kent. The authors Matthew and Jake are authors of a journal named The Journal of Applied Ecology, which also checks out in credibility. I enjoy using this source for my argument because it helps fi the misconception we have of deforestation and will help the reader distinguish from Selective Loggings and Illegal Logging done in places like the Amazon. This source gives detail from a study conducted by Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology on how logging, in general, helps the wildlife adapt and ultimately thrive. Holmes, Thomas P et al. Financial Costs and Benefits of Reduced-Impact Logging Relative to Conventional Logging in the Eastern Amazon. Srs.fd.usda.gov, US Conservation, 2012This article, undoubtingly, is my most credible source. The data in it was tasked and collected by our government in 2012. Its major contributors and author have sufficient backgrounds on the topic of conservation around the world. This research is also partnered with multi other countries conservation programs. This article is my favorite piece of evidence to support how Logging can be safe and non-destructive. It is loaded with crunched numbers and cold hard facts from studies on log camps over several years. Though it only pertains to Eastern Amazon, its principle remains true for all around the world. This source helps me demonstrate the economics of logging as well. Patient Money: The Economics of Low-Impact Logging. 2012, mofga.orgThis article/study is mostly reliable because the organization who created it is a non-profit, educational group. Its facts are reasonable and has good explanations for all of its claims. This is a good source for my argument because it explains how and why Impact-Loggings should be done. With charts to visualize certain aspects of the process to fully understand how this is the best way to log commercially.

Learning Expirience free essay sample

Experience can shape our behavior and personality. More over our experiences contribute to our development over time. Learning process occurs when we experience situation that have negative or positive effect on us. In this essay I will briefly describe my personal learning experience; I will also define the concept of learning, and will provide analysis of what I have learned from this experience. In addition my essay will include the analysis and application of classical and operant conditioning as well as cognitive- social learning. My Experience Every person’s identity is formed by the various roles that they perform in the world. In fact becoming a mother is one more such role and it has psychological implications. Four month ago I became a mother to a wonderful, my first baby boy. The experience of giving birth, as well as being home with a newborn for the first few weeks was overwhelming, painful, and emotionally tiring. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Expirience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am 25 years old and was so exciting to becoming a mother, however when my son was born for the first few weeks I have experienced anxiety, stress, depression, fear and even anger. It has been almost 4 month and my baby is my life, I cannot imagine how I was getting frustrated and feeling all those things when my baby is my joy. Today I am still tired, and stressed, however anger and depression is gone. I have learned from this experience that I need to accept the change in my life, and avoid becoming frustrated. Being prepared for things to be different could have prepared me to deal with situation differently. Also positive attitude should have been my best ally instead of being afraid and having negative thoughts. At last I have learned from this experience that I need to try to develop a new and balanced lifestyle that takes into consideration all areas of my new life. Learning Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience (David A. Kolb, 1984). As we learn, we alter the way we perceive our environment, the way we interpret the incoming stimuli, and therefore the way we interact, or behave (Carpenter Huffman, 2012). Learning through Classical Conditioning One of the best-known characteristics of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Carpenter Huffman, 2012). There are basic principles of classical conditioning process. Such as the unconditioned stimulus (UC) and unconditioned response (UR), as well as conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR) (Carpenter Huffman, 2012). The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response (â€Å"The propositional nature of human associative learning,† 2009). For example, baby crying made me feel sad and frustrated, and baby smiling made me feel loved, happy and positive. For instance, when I saw my bay for the first time the feeling of pain was simply gone. As I spend those first weeks with my baby although I have had mood swings and feeling of anger sometimes, however every time I looked at my baby I naturally felt better and calmer. The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. For example, feel of love in response to my baby smile is unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response (â€Å"The propositional nature of human associative learning,† 2009). For example, when my baby cried I felt frustration and in the same time my husband was trying to explain me something thus my husband voice would be conditioned stimulus. Although the sound of my husband voice is unrelated to my baby’s cry and feeling of frustration, if the sound of his voice was paired multiple times with the baby’s cry, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. For instance, feeling frustrated when I heard my husband talking to me. In my view classical conditioning is a useful technique that can be applied by creating a positive environment to help people to overcome anxiety, fear and frustration. For example, a situation like my baby’s crying with pleasant surroundings would have helped me to learn new associations. Instead of feeling anxious, frustrated and angry in that situation, I learn to stay relax and calm (Carpenter Huffman, 2012). Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a technique of learning that happens through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (â€Å"The propositional nature of human associative learning,† 2009). The elimination of an undesirable outcome can be used to decrease or prevent undesirable behavior. Feeling frustrated, being angry with situation simply led to more stress and created more problems for myself emotionally and physically. Positive reinforcement: Getting to know my baby, his first smile and lough created a positive and happy environment thus increasing my positive behavior. To conclude learning process revolves around human life. People learn something new every single day, thus creating new experiences and knowledge. Self-development and growth naturally occurs through learning.

Essay on OB Case

Essay on OB Case Essay on OB Case Executive Summary Leaders in SAAS are facing challenges managing their teams and implementing the participative leadership approach. Lack of communication and clear structure and guidance from team leaders has created organizational problems and inter-personal conflicts. Developing a hands-on training program for leaders and team members would help eliminating structural problems of the organization. Alternatively, returning to a more autocratic approach could address the current problems with lack of authority of team leaders and wasting resources. Statement of the Problem Replacing managers by team leaders has led to loss of control and authority over the employees. Team Leaders don’t have the necessary leadership skills and conflict resolution techniques to manage their teams. OA staff are suffering from lack of structure and guidance in their daily routines and there’s no practical procedure on how to achieve and contribute to overall organizational goals and objectives. Causes of the Problem Moving from autocratic leadership, where the managers make the decisions for the team, to a participative approach by empowering the employees, has led to creating conflict and confusion in the teams. The role of the team leader has not been clearly defined for the employees; hence, the OA staff don’t consider them as their superiors anymore and don’t feel obligated to follow the Team Leaders’ instructions strictly. Issues such as inter-personal conflicts remain unresolved within the teams due to absence of an effective leader and mediator. Although, the strategic plan in Exhibit 2 clearly defines the vision and objectives of the company, it does not define a clear implementation plan and performance measurement system. Exhibit 7 defines clear objectives for team Hodgson, but it’s only limited to that specific team. Since Metro teams don’t meet on a regular basis, the objectives are not communicated to the other teams, in order to see if they align with the overall organizational goals and objectives. Hence, there is lack of transparency and cross-functionality between the teams. Resources are not allocated equally across the teams (eg. the country OA team is over- staffed, the budget is not allocated to each particular team) and there is no monitoring system over expenditures and resources of the organization. Implementing a new leadership style and adapting to a new management system can be challenging at first and can create conflicts within the teams. Alternative solutions should be found to finalize the change in the organization and to keep it going when the change is implemented. Decision Criteria and Alternative Solutions Decision criteria considered to evaluate alternatives are time of implementation, expected efficiency (to avoid waste of time in the implementation), number of unresolved conflicts, allocation of resources, organizational culture and industry/sector, experience of similar organizations (other emergency public services like the fire department), and the proportion of routine vs. non-routine tasks. Successful implementation of change in the organization requires that the process is more inclusive, so a participative leadership style is recommended. The decrease of decision levels would increase responsiveness to the day-to-day challenges. Since change is not a routine procedure, ideas of different levels of the organization should be taken into account. In self-managed teams, members are the decision-makers. This leads to high productivity and motivation. While self-managed teams do indeed undertake many of the responsibilities within the organization, they still require a certain degree of control as they could lose direction and require more structure in their teams. Autocratic Leadership, on the other hand, states that team leaders make decisions without consulting their team members, even if their input would be useful. This can be appropriate when decisions need to be made quickly, such as

How to Play Beach Ball Buzz, an Icebreaker Game

How to Play Beach Ball Buzz, an Icebreaker Game Have a little beach fun without leaving your classroom! The game of Beach Ball Buzz can be as exciting as you choose, depending on the questions you write on the ball. Its a perfect game to use as an ice-breaker to get to know new people and a fun way to pass the hot summer months. The questions are all up to you, so you can make them related to a specific topic or make them completely frivolous and fun. Group Size Large or small groups can play Beach Ball Buzz, which only requires a minimum of two people. Applications The game can be used as part of the process of making introductions with a new class or at a meeting, it can be used as an energizer after lunch or a long discussion, or as stress relief during test prep. Time Needed Plan for the game to last about 30 minutes. Materials Needed You’ll need a permanent marker and a large blow-up beach ball- the classic type with the colored sections that you can find at most stores, especially in the summer. Instructions Make a list of questions you’d like your participants to answer. Blow up the beach ball and write a question or two on each section of the ball. To play the game, toss the ball around the room. Whoever catches it gives their name and answers the question in the section under their left thumb. Sample Personal Questions What is the funniest movie you’ve ever seen?If you were a cartoon or comic character, who would you be?What is the worst thing you’ve ever tasted? Did you swallow it or spit it out?What one thing have you kept forever that you really should throw away?What’s your greatest pet peeve?If you were stranded on a desert island, what three things would you want to have with you?Who is your favorite person and why?If you were a superhero, what powers would you have?What was your first car and did you love it or hate it?Who is the most famous person you’ve met?Describe your fantasy vacation.If you could meet any historical figure, who would it be and why?What is your song and why?How do you celebrate your birthday?What is the most embarrassing thing you’ve ever done?If you could be any animal, which would you choose and why?What was the worst day of your life? Why?Create a slogan for your life. Sample Questions for Professional Settings Who was your favorite teacher and why?What was the most memorable thing you experienced in college?What gets you up in the morning?Share three things about you that you think no one here knows.Share something you love to do that you get to do nearly every day.Whats your most important challenge currently?How much money would you need to walk away from your job?If you could go back in time, would you have chosen a different path?What would you like to accomplish this year?What is the most important goal that you want to accomplish during your lifetime?What worries you most about work?What excites you most about work?What is your most underutilized talent?Whats the single most important word that youd like to hear from your boss?What would you like to be remembered for? Debriefing No debriefing is necessary unless the exercise is part of a lesson or the questions are related to a discussion topic in some way.

Curriculum Development for CTE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Curriculum Development for CTE - Research Paper Example The program ensures that it offers the necessary skills and certificates that students require in their careers. It contains a set of the curriculum which is structured to reflect on the basics that are taught during technical training of students. The printed materials used in the CTE program fully match the training requirements because they are in accordance with the syllabus so as to enhance cohesion and understanding of the basics by the students. The students passing through this program highly benefit from the verse academic and technological resources presented by the institutions offering this program. This is because they gain the much needed first hand information on the basics (Wang & King, 2009). The equipments used in the CTE program are always technologically updated to ensure that the instructors teaching the program curriculum finds them efficient and effective to them and the students. This exposes students to the technological world and ensures efficiency upon sitt ing for the real classes. In most cases, it is the government that takes sole responsibility of sponsoring the CTE program for economical purposes. This enhances efficiency on the part of the instructors as they have all the necessary materials; on the other hand, it takes the burden away from private individuals who are out to make profits, and to make it an affordable to every student. Its aim is to bring change in the educational subjects that are of immense importance to the economy. They aim at imparting students with such skills like engineering and medicine which are of meaning to the expansion of the economy technologically (Wang & King, 2009). Reflections To evaluate the CTE program, the outcomes for the program must be measured for accuracy. This can be done through a survey, by conducting a research using a questionnaire to investigate the student remarks, or a sample research where samples of students are asked and data approximated. The CTE curriculum is aimed at helpin g students to acquire the basic skills through a clear organized and reflective program, which is its main purpose. The CTE program has tremendously assisted in my education because to a certain level the resources provided by the program have simplified my academic work, hence the accomplishment of school work accurately, efficiently, and effectively. My technical institution is a beneficiary of the program, and I get the privilege to access various academic resources provided for the student’s purposes. These academic resources have boosted learning and grades in school. Initially, most students could not attain the results which were essential in taking a CTE course, but with the changing times, majority of the students in technical institutions have registered for CTE courses. An example is, before I was enrolled for a CTE course, I experienced certain challenges that denied me an opportunity into the program. The most significant was my geographical area. It turned out t o be one of my nastiest nightmares because the district I came from did not benefit from the program, since it was inaccessible due to a variety of reasons. In my view, all CTE programs should be incorporated to enable it maintain its viability in secondary school education in technical education. The program largely contributes in such fields like